President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni has signed into law the Uganda Peoples’ Defence Forces (UPDF) Amendment Act, 2025. The new legislation brings major changes to the military justice system, including granting military courts the authority to try civilians found in possession of military items such as firearms, uniforms, or ammunition. It also targets civilians accused of collaborating with soldiers in serious crimes like murder, robbery, and treason.
The Act establishes a three-level military court structure: Unit Court Martial, Division Court Martial, and the General Court Martial, which will now be chaired by a brigadier qualified to serve as a High Court judge.
A new Directorate of Military Prosecutions has also been introduced to ensure professionalism and allow appeals from military courts to progress through civilian courts, up to the Supreme Court.
President Museveni defended the law, stating it will strengthen discipline and help deal with criminals who exploit military symbols and equipment. He applauded Parliament for passing the law, saying civilian courts had previously failed to handle such cases effectively. He cited past examples where individuals caught with military items were set free, leading to public frustration.
However, the law has faced criticism from opposition leaders, legal experts, and human rights bodies. They argue it undermines judicial independence and violates constitutional rights by allowing military trials for civilians.
Opposition MPs walked out during its debate, and legal challenges are expected, with fears that the law could be used to suppress dissent ahead of the 2026 general elections.
